Hemoglobin A2 may be increased in beta thalassemia or in people who are heterozygous for the beta thalassemia gene. HbA2 exists in small amounts in all adult humans (1.5-3.1% of all hemoglobin molecules) and is approximately normal in people with sickle-cell disease.

What does high Hemoglobin A2 mean?

Hemoglobin A2 may be increased in beta thalassemia or in people who are heterozygous for the beta thalassemia gene. HbA2 exists in small amounts in all adult humans (1.5-3.1% of all hemoglobin molecules) and is approximately normal in people with sickle-cell disease.

What causes HbD?

Hb D disease is the result of either β- or α-chain gene mutation. Sickle cell (SC) anemia is a homozygous state which represents the most severe form of the disease in this group, resulting from the inheritance of Hb S from both parents [160, 161].

What does hemoglobin electrophoresis test for?

Hemoglobin electrophoresis measures hemoglobin levels and looks for abnormal types of hemoglobin. It’s most often used to help diagnose anemia, sickle cell disease, and other hemoglobin disorders.

What causes elevated HbA2?

Other causes of elevated HbA2 other than thalassemia include antiretroviral therapy, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, and hyperthyroidism. Hemoglobin electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography can also elucidate other hemoglobinopathies complicating a beta-thalassemia trait.

What is Hemoglobin A2 normal range?

Normal Results HbA2: 2% to 3% (0.02 to 0.03)

Is hemoglobin A thalassemia D?

Hemoglobin D/beta thalassemia happens when the part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen throughout the body is changed. This part that is changed is called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is important because it picks up oxygen in the lungs and carries it to the other parts of the body.

What is HbD Punjab heterozygous?

Hemoglobin D-Punjab can be inherited in heterozygosis with hemoglobin A causing no clinical or hematological alterations, or in homozygosis, the rarest form of inheritance, a condition that is commonly not related to clinical symptomatology.

Can all abnormal hemoglobin be diagnosed by electrophoresis?

Patients should be screened with a hemoglobin electrophoresis which is able to detect not only the abnormal hemoglobin S of sickle cell anemia, but also other abnormal hemoglobin variants which may cause disease.

Does hemoglobin electrophoresis change?

A hemoglobin electrophoresis test is a blood test used to measure and identify the different types of hemoglobin in your bloodstream. Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen to your tissues and organs….In adults.