Citrate metabolism plays an important role in many food fermentations involving lactic acid bacteria. Since citrate is a highly oxidized substrate, no reducing equivalents are produced during its degradation, resulting in the formation of metabolic end products other than lactic acid.

What is citrate metabolism?

Citrate metabolism plays an important role in many food fermentations involving lactic acid bacteria. Since citrate is a highly oxidized substrate, no reducing equivalents are produced during its degradation, resulting in the formation of metabolic end products other than lactic acid.

Why does citrate cause alkalosis?

Due to citrate metabolism causes intracellular acidosis. As a result of intracellular acidosis compensation, decompensated metabolic alkalosis + respiratory acidosis and electrolyte imbalance may develop, blood transfusions may result in certain complications.

What causes citrate toxicity?

Discussion. Acute citrate toxicity causing hypocalcemia can occur following autologous blood administration containing CPD solution. Excessive citrate concentrations lead to chelation of calcium ions, resulting in severe decreases in ionized calcium fractions.

How is citrate toxicity treated?

The correct treatment is to reduce or stop the citrate infusion, increase dialysate flow rate to increase citrate loss and also to increase the calcium infusion to correct the ionized hypocalcaemia.

What does citrate do in the body?

CITRIC ACID; SODIUM CITRATE (SIH trik AS id; SOE dee um SIH trayt) makes blood and urine more alkaline or less acidic. This helps prevent some kidney stones. It is also used to treat metabolic acidosis, a condition in some people with kidney problems.

Can citrate be converted to lactate?

It is well known that in all cells, citrate can be metabolized within the Cori cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) [1]. It describes the linked metabolic pathways by which muscles, even in the absence of oxygen, remain capable of functioning, producing lactate.

Does citrate cause acidosis or alkalosis?

What are the symptoms of citrate?

4,5,6,7 When the concentration of ionized calcium decreases, it results in many of the acute clinical signs and symptoms of “citrate toxicity,” such as perioral tingling and paresthesias, chills, nausea, twitching, and tremors.

How is citrate used in the body?

How is citrate metabolized in the body?

Citrate is metabolized by the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), mainly in the liver, but also in muscles and kidneys. Kramer et al. compared the metabolism of citrate in 16 cirrhotic and 16 non-cirrhotic patients [10].

What is the role of citrate in anticoagulation?

By chelating ionized calcium, citrate allows extracorporeal circuit anticoagulation without a bleeding risk for the patient. Citrate anticoagulation is also associated with a reduced activation of leucocytes and platelets. Citrate clearance by citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is not modified by renal …

What is the pathophysiology of citrate toxicity?

Citrate toxicity is primarily a result of hypocalcaemia and metabolic effects of excess citrate. CITRATE METABOLISM. citrate is metabolised to HCO3 with NADH generation via the Kreb’s cycle. metabolism occurs predominately in the liver, kidneys and skeletal muscle.

How is citrate metabolized in cardiogenic shock?

Citrate is metabolized predominantly in the mitochondria in the liver, skeletal muscle and kidney. Thus, patients with AKI treated by CRRT rely on hepatic and skeletal muscle metabolism. Thus, citrate metabolism may be compromised in patients with cardiogenic shock with reduced hepatic and muscle blood flow.