What is PTEN binding?

Once bound to the plasma membrane, PTEN would bind and dephosphorylate 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides, most notably PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, which in turn induces the degradation of PTEN.

How is PTEN activated?

PTEN works in direct opposition to PI3K, dephosphorylating PIP3 to PIP2. AKT binds to PIP3 and is activated by phosphorylation on threonine (T)308 by PDK1 and serine (S)473 by mTORC2. AKT phosphorylates and inactivates many downstream targets, resulting in increased cellular survival and proliferation.

Is PTEN a membrane protein?

The phosphatidylinositolphosphate phosphatase PTEN is the second most frequently mutated protein in human tumors. Its membrane association, allosteric activation and membrane dissociation are poorly understood.

What is a PTEN signaling pathway?

The PTEN network encompasses signals from growth factor receptors on the cell surface to transcription factors that act in the nucleus, complete with interconnections to other tumor suppressor and oncogenic signaling pathways. A simple schematic view of the PTEN pathway is shown in Figure 1.

What is the function of PTEN?

The PTEN gene provides instructions for making an enzyme that is found in almost all tissues in the body. The enzyme acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it helps regulate cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing (proliferating) too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way.

Where is PTEN located in the cell?

PTEN is also found in the nucleus. In the nucleus, PTEN can act similarly as it does at the plasma membrane by inhibiting the function of AKT. In addition, PTEN also associate with a number of nuclear proteins and regulate other cellular functions such as centromere stability, DNA repair, cell death and proliferation.

What are PTEN mutations?

A PTEN genetic test looks for a change, known as a mutation, in a gene called PTEN. Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father. The PTEN gene helps stop the growth of tumors. It’s known as a tumor suppressor.

What causes PTEN mutations?

PHTS is caused by alterations, also known as “mutations,” of the PTEN gene on chromosome 10. In some cases, all or part of the gene is deleted. The condition can be inherited or caused by “new” mutations in one of the father’s sperm, mother’s eggs, or in a cell of the developing fetus.

What regulates PTEN?

PTEN has phosphatase-dependent and phosphatase-independent (scaffold) activities in the cell and governs a variety of biological processes, including maintenance of genomic stability, cell survival, migration, proliferation and metabolism.

What is the role of PTEN?